Google Organic Results API
Google search main results are called organic results. Some results are simple and straightforward. Others include rich data like reviews, thumbnails, and other special snippets. SerpApi is able to scrape, extract, and make sense of both simple and more complex organic results.
When SerpApi encounters organic results, we add them to our JSON output as the array organic_results.
For each organic result, we are able to extract its position, title, link, displayed_link, thumbnail, date, snippet, cached_page_link, related_pages_link, sitelinks:inline, sitelinks:expanded, rich_snippet:top, rich_snippet:bottom, rich_snippet_table, extensions, reviews, ratings, and more.
Organic Results Types Examples
Regular organic results page
{
...
"organic_results": [
{
"position": 1,
"title": "Coffee - Wikipedia",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee",
"displayed_link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee",
"snippet": "Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa and Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The plant was exported from Africa to countries around the world. Coffee plants are now ...",
"sitelinks": {
"inline": [
{
"title": "History of coffee",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee"
},
{
"title": "Coffee bean",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean"
},
{
"title": "Coffea",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea"
},
{
"title": "List of coffee drinks",
"link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks"
}
]
},
"cached_page_link": "https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:U6oJMnF-eeUJ:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us",
"related_pages_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=related:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee+Coffee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx2OCQtdvaAhUSAXwKHTONDGgQHwhsMAM"
},
{
"position": 2,
"title": "Houndstooth Coffee - Austin",
"link": "https://www.houndstoothcoffee.com/",
"displayed_link": "https://www.houndstoothcoffee.com/",
"snippet": "Houndstooth Coffee serves only the finest coffee, tea, beer, wine and pastries. Local and national suppliers source sustainable products from the finest estates, farms, and provinces around the world.",
"cached_page_link": "https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LUlkIm1_AS4J:https://www.houndstoothcoffee.com/+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us"
},
{
"position": 3,
"title": "What is Coffee? - National Coffee Association",
"link": "http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee",
"displayed_link": "www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee",
"snippet": "Coffee trees are pruned short to conserve their energy and aid in harvesting, but can grow to more than 30 feet (9 meters) high. Each tree is covered with green, waxy leaves growing opposite each other in pairs. Coffee cherries grow along the branches. Because it grows in a continuous cycle, it's not unusual to see flowers, ...",
"cached_page_link": "http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fQKju2z6GzEJ:www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us",
"related_pages_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=related:www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee+Coffee&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjx2OCQtdvaAhUSAXwKHTONDGgQHwh8MAU"
},
...
}
Expanded Sitelinks Example
{
"position": 1,
"title": "Apple",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/",
"displayed_link": "https://www.apple.com/",
"snippet": "Discover the innovative world of Apple and shop everything iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV, plus explore accessories, entertainment, and expert device support.",
"sitelinks_search_box": true,
"sitelinks": {
"expanded": [
{
"title": "iPhone",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/iphone/",
"snippet": "Explore iPhone, the world's most powerful personal device ..."
},
{
"title": "iPad",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/ipad/",
"snippet": "Compare iPad Models - iPad mini 4 - iPad Accessories - ..."
},
{
"title": "Mac",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/mac/",
"snippet": "MacBook Pro - MacBook - MacBook Air - iMac - Compare"
},
{
"title": "Music",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/music/",
"snippet": "Listen to your favorite music ad-free on all your devices, online ..."
},
{
"title": "Apple Support",
"link": "https://support.apple.com/",
"snippet": "Apple support is here to help. Learn more about popular ..."
},
{
"title": "Accessories",
"link": "https://www.apple.com/shop/accessories/all-accessories",
"snippet": "Shop Apple accessories for Apple Watch, iPhone, iPad, iPod, and ..."
}
]
},
"cached_page_link": "https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xEELJvdODswJ:https://www.apple.com/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us"
},
Thumbnail Example
{
"position": 6,
"title": "Pewdiepie - Twitch",
"link": "https://www.twitch.tv/pewdiepie",
"displayed_link": "https://www.twitch.tv/pewdiepie",
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"snippet": "Pewdiepie. Verified. Videos. 0 · Clips · Collections · Events · Followers. 928,584 · Following. 0 · Videos ...",
"related_pages_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=related:https://www.twitch.tv/pewdiepie+Pewdiepie&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiturvW9NvaAhXDVN8KHSdpAZcQHwiFATAQ"
}
Rich Snippet with Extensions Example
{
"position": 7,
"title": "Book Hilton Austin in Austin | Hotels.com",
"link": "https://www.hotels.com/ho216352/hilton-austin-austin-united-states-of-america/",
"displayed_link": "https://www.hotels.com › ... › Texas Hotels › Austin Hotels",
"snippet": "Hilton Austin in Austin on Hotels.com and earn Rewards nights. Collect 10 nights get 1 free*. Read 745 genuine guest reviews for Hilton Austin.",
"cached_page_link": "https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:9iW-p8PWDQ4J:https://www.hotels.com/ho216352/hilton-austin-austin-united-states-of-america/+&cd=9&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us",
"related_pages_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=related:https://www.hotels.com/ho216352/hilton-austin-austin-united-states-of-america/+hotel+hilton+austin&tbo=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWva3C99vaAhXJx1QKHaTUAR8QHwh-MAg",
"rich_snippet": {
"top": {
"detected_extensions": {
"rating": 4.5,
"price_range_from": 209
},
"extensions": [
"Rating: 4.5",
"745 votes",
"Price range: from $209"
]
}
},
Rich Snippet Table
{
...
{
"position": 3,
"title": "List of country codes by alpha-2, alpha-3 code (ISO 3166) - IBAN",
"link": "https://www.iban.com/country-codes",
"displayed_link": "https://www.iban.com › country-codes",
"snippet": "Press / to jump to the search box/MoreSettings Privacy settingsHow Search worksAbout featured snippets › country_code_list › country_code_list Privacy settingsHow Search works › country-codes › country-codes › dialing-codes › dialing-codes2 - Africa and some others like Greenland, Faroe Islands and Aruba.2 - Africa and some others like Greenland, Faroe Islands and Aruba. › List_of_country_calling_codes › List_of_country_calling_codesCanada: Dialing Code +1, Country Code +1, Prefix.Canada: Dialing Code +1, Country Code +1, Prefix. › prefix › prefix › enterprise › internati... › enterprise › internati... › wiki › List_of_country_callin... › wiki › List_of_country_callin... › wiki › Country_code › wiki › Country_codeView all › images › pdf › Country_Co... › images › pdf › Country_Co...PDF › iso-3166-country-codes › iso-3166-country-codes › info › tools › countrycode › info › tools › countrycode › classes › BLA361 › classes › BLA361PDFRelated searchesCountry codes are short alphabetic or numeric ...Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed ...ISO 3166‑1 is a standard defining codes for the names ...ISO 3166‑1 is a standard defining codes for the names of countries, dependent ...HelpSend feedbackPrivacyTerms",
"cached_page_link": "https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:a1AkcpKJm5MJ:https://www.iban.com/country-codes+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us",
"rich_snippet_table": [
{
"country": "Afghanistan",
"alpha_2_code": "AF",
"alpha_3_code": "AFG",
"numeric": "004"
},
{
"country": "Albania",
"alpha_2_code": "AL",
"alpha_3_code": "ALB",
"numeric": "008"
},
{
"country": "Algeria",
"alpha_2_code": "DZ",
"alpha_3_code": "DZA",
"numeric": "012"
}
]
},
...
}
Compact Inline Products Example
...
"top_stories": [
{
"title": "Apple TV App Rolling Out to Sony TVs Ahead of Apple TV+ Launch",
"link": "https://www.macrumors.com/2019/10/29/apple-tv-app-sony-tv-rollout/",
"source": "MacRumors",
"date": "13 hours ago",
"thumbnail": "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQx7H5uRnOF6J3P7kk30BDWsjGxJG2XLr-Wt4kd1tlRdBuXvQLOUil4-MYDSZK82uQ7atmpeg&usqp=CAI&s"
},
{
"title": "Sony 4K TVs on sale ahead of Black Friday, saving you $900",
"link": "https://mashable.com/shopping/oct-26-sony-bravia-4k-tv-pcmag/",
"source": "Mashable",
"date": "3 days ago"
},
{
"title": "Apple TV app is available on some Sony smart TVs",
"link": "https://www.engadget.com/2019/10/29/apple-tv-app-sony-smart-tvs/",
"source": "Engadget",
"date": "11 hours ago",
"thumbnail": "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjq8ZjBMuriHVPK84JCtM-IdCDsMSqmT5RhBSyB5mSTSdV8cgDK4tg5wyY1nSS5skCJGU42A&usqp=CAI&s"
}
],
"top_stories_link": "/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=sony+tv&tbm=nws&source=univ&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzjoq22MPlAhUYGDQIHZZkCloQt8YBKAF6BAgAEA0"
...
Example of list format for top stories
...
"top_stories": [
{
"title": "Lawyer up? Trump aides grapple with legal morass",
"link": "https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/30/trump-aides-impeachment-fallout-061452",
"source": "Politico",
"date": "39 mins ago",
"thumbnail": "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTyBlfIClghiKmbokioXjuP1Qv9-hQStBMeNXRNjc_uCdy7-HsJPhdRwwYOrqU8w5sgdnBoMtI&usqp=CAI&s"
},
{
"title": "Trump’s Worst Month in Office Was One of Mike Pence’s Best",
"link": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-30/trump-s-worst-month-in-office-was-one-of-mike-pence-s-best",
"source": "Bloomberg",
"date": "1 hour ago",
"thumbnail": "https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVjj6Mr5awabJEdd_xY1_M2zUDdcXMHoxA4-DMp0C7WBKQUvijWPK2PjN9gWxSXGwqd04X61w&usqp=CAI&s"
}
],
"top_stories_link": "/search?gl=us&hl=en&q=donald+trump&tbm=nws&source=univ&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfg6az2MPlAhUO2VkKHRgjCuYQt8YBKAF6BAgEEC4",
...
Compact Inline Products Example
...
"inline_products": [
"position": 1,
"title": "Sony BRAVIA X900F",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=Sony+BRAVIA+X900F&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAAG8AEP_CAoiDS9nLzExZjRsdnI4Y25iEGVhZWRiODUyMzRkNmJlZmWYAgHSBAg8uDQPE5jb6IgFAqIFEVNvbnkgQlJBVklBIFg5MDBGwAWnoYvcjrOtg-4BwAWzwLnT1vOouIEBwAXYwqC0-fGJ2yLABbrSqrDr3qvqiwHABfmuiafC0JnQ6wHABY3t4KzywPzKAcAFv4SsiPPFzb4wwAWd576_49bFitwBwAXKoozW8NXU3hvABa-z8Jm4hvqfjwEa7KtbvAAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv4LW4xeLlAhXHGKYKHVJqDnkQlr4CMBN6BAgMEAM",
"price": 890,
"rating": 4.8,
"reviews": 4000,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=Sony+BRAVIA+X900F&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAAG8AEP_CAoiDS9nLzExZjRsdnI4Y25iEGVhZWRiODUyMzRkNmJlZmWYAgHSBAg8uDQPE5jb6IgFAqIFEVNvbnkgQlJBVklBIFg5MDBGwAWnoYvcjrOtg-4BwAWzwLnT1vOouIEBwAXYwqC0-fGJ2yLABbrSqrDr3qvqiwHABfmuiafC0JnQ6wHABY3t4KzywPzKAcAFv4SsiPPFzb4wwAWd576_49bFitwBwAXKoozW8NXU3hvABa-z8Jm4hvqfjwEa7KtbvAAAAA"
},
{
"position": 2,
"title": "LG OLED-C9",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=LG+OLED-C9&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAAG1AEr_CAoiDS9nLzExaHpjaHhiaDViEDhiMTI2NDc0ZDc1ZTUyYmKYAgHSBAg8uDQPE5jb6IgFAqIFCkxHIE9MRUQtQznABaehi9yOs62D7gHABbPAudPW86i4gQHABdjCoLT58YnbIsAFutKqsOveq-qLAcAF-a6Jp8LQmdDrAcAFje3grPLA_MoBwAW_hKyI88XNvjDABZ3nvr_j1sWK3AHABcqijNbw1dTeG8AFr7PwmbiG-p-PAVdtX2S1AAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv4LW4xeLlAhXHGKYKHVJqDnkQlr4CMBN6BAgMEAU",
"price": 1300,
"rating": 4.8,
"reviews": 1000,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=LG+OLED-C9&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAAG1AEr_CAoiDS9nLzExaHpjaHhiaDViEDhiMTI2NDc0ZDc1ZTUyYmKYAgHSBAg8uDQPE5jb6IgFAqIFCkxHIE9MRUQtQznABaehi9yOs62D7gHABbPAudPW86i4gQHABdjCoLT58YnbIsAFutKqsOveq-qLAcAF-a6Jp8LQmdDrAcAFje3grPLA_MoBwAW_hKyI88XNvjDABZ3nvr_j1sWK3AHABcqijNbw1dTeG8AFr7PwmbiG-p-PAVdtX2S1AAAA"
},
],
...
}
Inline Products Example
...
"inline_products": [
{
"position": 1,
"title": "Logitech MX518",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=logitech+mx518&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLRT9c3NCowMUvOyitPEkg0NDdITjUzNkwzSTY0SDOZwcR4iYUjNGK6ypWH09I7WBkXsfLl5KdnlqQmZyjkVpgaWgAAg_M-J0QAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBqpz2x-LlAhUdxYsBHSg3DRsQoYACMAp6BAgLEAU",
"price": 38,
"rating": 4.7,
"reviews": 218,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=logitech+mx518&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLRT9c3NCowMUvOyitPEkg0NDdITjUzNkwzSTY0SDOZwcR4iYUjNGK6ypWH09I7WBkXsfLl5KdnlqQmZyjkVpgaWgAAg_M-J0QAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBqpz2x-LlAhUdxYsBHSg3DRsQvIMEMAp6BAgLEAQ",
"editorial_reviews": [
{
"title": "Best gaming mouse for 2019",
"link": "https://www.pcgamer.com/the-best-gaming-mouse/",
"source": "PC Gamer"
},
{
"title": "The Best Gaming Mouse in 2019",
"link": "https://www.gamesradar.com/best-gaming-mouse/",
"source": "GamesRadar"
}
]
},
{
"position": 2,
"title": "Razer DeathAdder Elite",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=razer+deathadder+elite&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEwutiw3zq3ISxIwM7U0MzS2MEi1SDY2SjY3nsHEeImFIzRiusqVh9PSO1gZF7GKFSVWpRYppKQmlmQkpqQAmak5mSWpAFbkp1NNAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBqpz2x-LlAhUdxYsBHSg3DRsQoYACMAp6BAgLEAw",
"price": 38,
"rating": 4.7,
"reviews": 2109,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&q=razer+deathadder+elite&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEwutiw3zq3ISxIwM7U0MzS2MEi1SDY2SjY3nsHEeImFIzRiusqVh9PSO1gZF7GKFSVWpRYppKQmlmQkpqQAmak5mSWpAFbkp1NNAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBqpz2x-LlAhUdxYsBHSg3DRsQvIMEMAp6BAgLEAs",
"editorial_reviews": [
{
"title": "Best gaming mouse for 2019",
"link": "https://www.pcgamer.com/the-best-gaming-mouse/",
"source": "PC Gamer"
},
{
"title": "The Best Gaming Mouse in 2019",
"link": "https://www.gamesradar.com/best-gaming-mouse/",
"source": "GamesRadar"
}
]
},
],
...
}
Extended Inline Products Examples
{
...
"inline_products": [
{
"position": 11,
"title": "Sony BRAVIA X800E",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?gl=us&hl=en&q=sony+bravia+x800e&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEypSC6oqMqzSBIwSks2TrS0MDJOMzdNSUm0mMHEeImFw_jU9KDG1qn5HayMi1gFi_PzKhWSihLLMhMVKiwMDFIBFW1B9kgAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLtcPlyuLlAhUMsJ4KHUaQD94QoYACMA16BQgIENcB",
"price": 550,
"rating": 4.7,
"reviews": 2567,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?gl=us&hl=en&q=sony+bravia+x800e&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEypSC6oqMqzSBIwSks2TrS0MDJOMzdNSUm0mMHEeImFw_jU9KDG1qn5HayMi1gFi_PzKhWSihLLMhMVKiwMDFIBFW1B9kgAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLtcPlyuLlAhUMsJ4KHUaQD94QvIMEMA16BQgIENYB",
"editorial_reviews": [
{
"title": "Sony X800E Review (XBR43X800E, XBR49X800E, XBR55X800E)",
"link": "https://www.rtings.com/tv/reviews/sony/x800e",
"favicon": "https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.rtings.com&client=SHOPPING&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL",
"source": "RTINGS.com",
"description": "The TV's black level does not change much at an angle, however its colors wash out rapidly and its brightness…"
},
{
"title": "The Best TVs of 2019",
"link": "https://www.reviewed.com/televisions/best-right-now/best-televisions",
"favicon": "https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reviewed.com&client=SHOPPING&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL",
"source": "Reviewed"
}
],
"specifications": {
"weight": "22.3 – 38.8 lb",
"smart_tv": "Yes",
"extensions": [
"38 – 48.5 in",
"LCD",
"43 – 55 in",
"4K",
"High Definition",
"Bravia Xbr"
]
}
},
{
"position": 12,
"title": "Sony BRAVIA X930C",
"link": "https://www.google.com/search?gl=us&hl=en&q=sony+bravia+x930c&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEwyLzLMqjRNTxJIs0wxT0s0S041sTRIMkw1mMHEeImFw_jU9KDG1qn5HayMi1gFi_PzKhWSihLLMhMVKiyNDZIB2VKPI0gAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLtcPlyuLlAhUMsJ4KHUaQD94QoYACMA16BQgIEOwB",
"rating": 4.7,
"reviews": 75,
"thumbnail": "<URL to image>",
"thumbnail_link": "https://www.google.com/search?gl=us&hl=en&q=sony+bravia+x930c&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUuLVT9c3NEwyLzLMqjRNTxJIs0wxT0s0S041sTRIMkw1mMHEeImFw_jU9KDG1qn5HayMi1gFi_PzKhWSihLLMhMVKiyNDZIB2VKPI0gAAAA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLtcPlyuLlAhUMsJ4KHUaQD94QvIMEMA16BQgIEOsB",
"editorial_reviews": [
{
"title": "Best 4K TV 2019/2020 Editors Choice",
"link": "https://lcdtvbuyingguide.com/hdtv/best-4k-uhd-tv.html",
"favicon": "https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://lcdtvbuyingguide.com&client=SHOPPING&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL",
"source": "LCD TV Buying Guide"
},
{
"title": "5 Best TVs of 2015",
"link": "https://www.consumerreports.org/lcd-led-oled-tvs/5-best-tvs-of-2015/",
"favicon": "https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.consumerreports.org&client=SHOPPING&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL",
"source": "Consumer Reports"
},
{
"title": "Best 60, 65 inch TVs 2019/2020 Editor's Choice (4K UHD, LED, HDTV, OLED)",
"link": "https://lcdtvbuyingguide.com/60-lcd-tv.html",
"favicon": "https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://lcdtvbuyingguide.com&client=SHOPPING&size=16&type=FAVICON&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL",
"source": "LCD TV Buying Guide"
}
],
"specifications": {
"weight": "104.3 lb",
"smart_tv": "Yes",
"extensions": [
"3D",
"67.2 in",
"LCD",
"65 in",
"4K",
"High Definition",
"Bravia Xbr"
]
}
},
],
...
}
Organic Results State
SerpApi recognizes different states of organic results and adds it to search_information.organic_results_state.
There are five possible states:
- Results for exact spelling
- Empty showing fixed spelling results
- Some results for exact spelling but showing fixed spelling
- Showing results for exact spelling despite spelling suggestion
- Fully empty
